I reviewed the following articles during the development of this online course.

/* LIVING WITH VCF AND PAIN */

Svensson HK, et al. A painful, never ending story: older women's experiences of living with an osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. Osteoporosis International. 2016 May;27(5):1729-36. doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3445-y. Epub 2015 Dec 11.

/* NON-INVASIVE TREATMENT PROTOCOLS */

Ameis A. et al. The Global Spine Care Initiative: a review of reviews and recommendations for the non-invasive management of acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture pain in low- and middle-income communities. European Spine Journal. 2018 Sep;27 (Suppl 6):861-869. doi: 10.1007/s00586-017-5273-6. Epub 2017 Oct 16.

Kataoka H., et al. Association of early physical activity time with pain, activities of daily living, and progression of vertebral body collapse in patients with vertebral compression fractures. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2017 Jun;53(3):366-376. doi: 10.23736/S1973-9087.16.04366-5. Epub 2016 Dec 19.

Barker KL., et al. Physiotherapy rehabilitation for osteoporotic vertebral fracture-a randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation (PROVE trial). Osteoporosis International. 2020 Feb;31(2):277-289. doi: 10.1007/s00198-019-05133-0. Epub 2019 Nov 12.

Weerink LBM, et al. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures in the Geriatric Fracture Center, Early Ambulation Leads to Good Results on Short Term and Is a Successful and Safe Alternative Compared to Immobilization in Elderly Patients With Two-Column Vertebral Fractures. Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation. 2014 Jun; 5(2): 43–49.

/* DIAGNOSIS, SCREENING AND FOLLOWUP TREATMENT FOR VCF */

Barton DW, Behrend CJ, Carmouche JJ. Rates of osteoporosis screening and treatment following vertebral fracture. Spine Journal. 2019 Mar;19(3):411-417. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2018.08.004. Epub 2018 Aug 22.

Caitriona C, et al. Management of hospitalised osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Archives of Osteoporosis. 2020 Feb 20;15(1):14. doi: 10.1007/s11657-020-0687-x.

Malik AT, et al. Declining trend in osteoporosis management and screening following vertebral compression fractures – a national analysis of commercial insurance and medicare advantage beneficiaries. Spine Journal. 2019 Nov 1. pii: S1529-9430(19)31066-6. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.10.020. [Epub ahead of print]

Ziebart C, et al. Exploring the association between number, severity, location of fracture, and occiput-to-wall distance. Archives of Osteoporosis. 2019 Feb 28;14(1):27. doi: 10.1007/s11657-019-0582-5.

Ziebart C, et al. Are Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures or Forward Head Posture Associated With Performance-Based Measures of Balance and Mobility? Archives of Osteoporosis. 2019 Jun 26;14(1):67. doi: 10.1007/s11657-019-0626-x.

Gibbs JC, et al. Exercise for improving outcomes after osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 (update of 2013 study). 2019 Jul 5;7:CD008618. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008618.pub3.

Alexandru D and So W. Evaluation and Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures. The Permanente Journal. 2012 Fall; 16(4): 46–51.

Barr JD, Barr MS, Lemley TJ, McCann RM. Percutaneous vertebroplasty for pain relief and spinal stabilization. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000 Apr 15;25(8):923–8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200004150-00005

Riggs BL and Melton LJ 3rd. The worldwide problem of osteoporosis: insights afforded by epidemiology. Bone. 1995 Nov;17(5 Suppl):505S-511S.

Greenberg M. 6th ed. New York: Thieme Publishing Group; 2005. Handbook of Neurosurgery.

Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Lancet. 1996 Dec 7;348(9041):1535–41. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07088-2.

European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS) Group. Felsenberg D, Silman AJ, Lunt M, et al. Incidence of vertebral fracture in Europe: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS) J Bone Miner Res. 2002 Apr;17(4):716–24. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.4.716.

European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS) Group. Felsenberg D, Silman AJ, Lunt M, et al. Incidence of vertebral fracture in Europe: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS) J Bone Miner Res. 2002 Apr;17(4):716–24. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.4.716.

Kanis JA. Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet. 2002 Jun 1;359(9321):1929–36. DOI:

Fourney DR, Schomer DF, Nader R, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for painful vertebral body fractures in cancer patients. J Neurosurg. 2003 Jan;98(1 Suppl):21–30. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2003.98.1.0021.

McCarthy J and Davis A. Diagnosis and Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures. American Family Physician. July 1, 2016. 2016 Jul 1;94(1):44-50

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General; 2004:1–404.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General; 2004:1–404.

Kado DM, Browner WS, Palermo L, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Cummings SR; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Vertebral fractures and mortality in older women: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(11):1215–1220.

Kado DM, Browner WS, Palermo L, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Cummings SR; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Vertebral fractures and mortality in older women: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(11):1215–1220.

Melton LJ III. Adverse outcomes of osteoporotic fractures in the general population. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(6):1139–1141.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General; 2004:1–404.

Marwick C. Consensus panel considers osteoporosis. JAMA. 2000;283(16):2093–2095.

Riggs BL and Melton LJ 3rd. The worldwide problem of osteoporosis: insights afforded by epidemiology. Bone. 1995 Nov;17(5 Suppl):505S-511S.

McCarthy J and Davis A. Diagnosis and Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures. American Family Physician. July 1, 2016. 2016 Jul 1;94(1):44-50

Lee HM, Park SY, Lee SH, Suh SW, Hong JY. Comparative analysis of clinical outcomes in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs): conservative treatment versus balloon kyphoplasty. Spine J. 2012;12(11):998–1005.

Lee HM, Park SY, Lee SH, Suh SW, Hong JY. Comparative analysis of clinical outcomes in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs): conservative treatment versus balloon kyphoplasty. Spine J. 2012;12(11):998–1005.

Esses SI, McGuire R, Jenkins J, et al. The treatment of symptomatic osteoporotic spinal compression fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19(3):176–182.

Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW. Effects of a new spinal orthosis on posture, trunk strength, and quality of life in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;83(3):177–186.

Kim HJ, Yi JM, Cho HG, et al. Comparative study of the treatment outcomes of osteoporotic compression fractures without neurologic injury using a rigid brace, a soft brace, and no brace: a prospective randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96(23):1959–1966.

Dusdal K, Grundmanis J, Luttin K, et al. Effects of therapeutic exercise for persons with osteoporotic vertebral fractures: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(3):755–769.

Buchbinder R, Osborne RH, Ebeling PR, et al. A randomized trial of vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic vertebral fractures. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(6):557–568.

Kallmes DF, Comstock BA, Heagerty PJ, et al. A randomized trial of vertebroplasty for osteoporotic spinal fractures [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2012;366(10):970]. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(6):569–579.

McCullough BJ, Comstock BA, Deyo RA, Kreuter W, Jarvik JG. Major medical outcomes with spinal augmentation vs conservative therapy. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(16):1514–1521.

Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, et al.; National Osteoporosis Foundation. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis [published correction appears in Osteoporosis Int. 2015;26(7):2045–2047]. Osteoporosis Int. 2014;25(10):2359–2381

Alexandru D and So W. Evaluation and Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures. The Permanente Journal. 2012 Fall; 16(4): 46–51.

Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA. 2001 Jan 17;285(3):320–3. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.3.320.

Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ. 1996 May 18;312(7041):1254–9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7041.1254. [PMC free article] [Pub

Ross PD, Davis JW, Epstein RS, Wasnich RD. Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Jun 1;114(11):919–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Meunier PJ, Delmas PD, Eastell R, et al. Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: clinical guidelines. International Committee for Osteoporosis Clinical Guidelines. Clin Ther. 1999 Jun;21(6):1025–44. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(99)80022-8.

Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ. 1996 May 18;312(7041):1254–9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7041.1254.

Kim DH, Vaccaro AR. Osteoporotic compression fractures of the spine; current options and considerations for treatment. Spine J. 2006 Sep–Oct;6(5):479–87. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2006.04.013.

Shen MS, Kim YH. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: treatment techniques for managing osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2006;64(3–4):106–13.

Leblanc AD, Schneider VS, Evans HJ, Engelbretson DA, Krebs JM. Bone mineral loss and recovery after 17 weeks of bed rest. J Bone Miner Res. 1990 Aug;5(8):843–50. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650050807.

Garg, Bhavuk et al. Non-surgical management of acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: A review  J Cli Orthop Trauma 2017Apr-Jun;8(2):131-138

Lynders, Christine The Critical Role of Development of the Transvers Abdominis in the Treatment of Low back Pain. HSS J. 2019 Oct; 15(3):214-220

Chou S, Grover A, LeBoff MS. New Osteoporotic/Vertebral Compression Fractures. Endotext. Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al., editors. South Dartmouth (MA). Last Update: September 19, 2018.

Lee HM, Park SY, Lee SH, Suh SW, Hong JY. Comparative analysis of clinical outcomes in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs): conservative treatment versus balloon kyphoplasty. Spine J. 2012;12(11):998–1005.

Alexandru D and So W. Evaluation and Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures. The Permanente Journal. 2012 Fall; 16(4): 46–51.

Schnake KJ, et al. Classification of Osteoporotic Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures: Recommendations of the Spine Section of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma (DGOU). Global Spine Journal. 2018 Sep; 8(2 Suppl): 46S–49S. Published online 2018 Sep 7.

The working group “Osteoporotic Fractures” of the Spine Section of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma (DGOU) has developed a classification system (OF classification) for osteoporotic thoracolumbar fractures

Cyrus C Wong and Matthew J McGirt Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Review of Current Management and Multimodal Therapy. J Multidiscip Health. 2013 Jun 17

Daniela Alexandru and William So. Evaluation and Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures. Perm J 2012 Fall; 16(4): 46-51

McGuinness, B. Et al. How Useful Is Duel Energy lateral Vertebral Assessment in a Clinic Setting? Ulster Ned J 2009 Jan; 78(1): 34-36

Eastwell R, et al. Proportion of human vertebral body bone that is cancellous JBMR Dec 1990

Lisowska, B. et al.,Positives and negatives of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in bone healing: the effects of these drugs on bone repair. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018; 12: 1809–1814.

Parisian, M. Et al. Acute inflammatory response via neutrophil activation protects against the development of chronic pain. Science Translational Medicinee 11 May 2022 Vol 14, Issue 644 

C.Shiffer, Emily, How We Treat Acute Pain Could Be Wrong. WebMD June 17, 2022

Esses SI, et al.The Treatment of Symptomatic Osteoporotic Spinal Compression Fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19:176–182

Patel D., Managements of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: A narrative review. JWorld Orthop 2022 Jun 18; 13(6): 564–573

Mehta NM, et al. Calcitonin for osteoporosis and bone pain. Curl Phar Des. 2003;9(32):2659-76.

Boucher, E, Rosgen B, Lang, E Efficacy of calcitonin for treating acute pain associated with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: an updated systematic review CJEM Vol. 22, Issue 3

Rosen, Calcitonin in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis